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绿洲一号、巨菌草、皇竹草、象草在西藏引种耐寒试验对比 Comparison of Cold Tolerance Test of “Juncao Arundo Donax L Oasis 1#”, “Giant Fungus”, “Royal Bamboo Grass” and “Elephant Grass” Introduced in Xizang
发布时间：
2023-01-09
绿洲一号、巨菌草、皇竹草、象草在西藏引种耐寒试验对比
Comparison of Cold Tolerance Test of “Juncao Arundo Donax L Oasis 1#”, “Giant Fungus”, “Royal Bamboo Grass” and “Elephant Grass” Introduced in Xizang
西藏自治区是我国五大牧区之一，草原面积约8670万hm²，占全区总土地面积的72%。根据西藏第二次草原普查结果，目前西藏草原退化面积达2353 万hm²，畜牧业生产力降低和生态系统服务功能等一系列问题依然严峻。
长期以来西藏畜牧业高度依赖于天然草地，然而却面临着全球气候变化和人类活动的多重影响致草地退化加剧的窘境，天然草场难以维系大约1700万头牛羊的冬春季节饲草供应。
The Xizang Autonomous Region is one of the five major pastoral areas in China. The grassland area is about 86.7 million hm ², accounting for 72% of the total land area of the region. According to the results of the second grassland survey in Xizang, the grassland degradation area in Xizang has reached 23.53 million hm² at present, and a series of problems such as the reduction of animal husbandry productivity and ecosystem services are still serious.
For a long time, Xizang's animal husbandry has been highly dependent on natural grassland, but it is facing the dilemma of grassland degradation aggravated by multiple impacts of global climate change and human activities. Natural grassland is difficult to maintain the forage supply of about 17 million cattle and sheep in winter and spring.
近年来，大力发展优质高产人工草地是西藏自治区人民政府解决当地季节性草畜不平衡、缓解草原放牧压力、保护天然草场的重要举措，也是畜牧业加工和服务业的强大基础。
引种并筛选出抗逆性强、优质高产的牧草品种对于效缓解西藏牧区冬春季节和灾年饲草料不足的矛盾意义重大。青饲玉米引种结果表明，其鲜草年产量可达 466kg/hm²，是西藏自治区单位面积产量最高的一年生饲草，但因存在劳动力投入过大的弊端，应更加重视多年生高产牧草的引种和筛选。
In recent years, vigorously developing high-quality and high-yield artificial grassland is an important measure taken by the People's Government of the Xizang Autonomous Region to solve the local seasonal imbalance between grass and livestock, ease the grazing pressure on the grassland, and protect the natural grassland. It is also a strong foundation for animal husbandry processing and service industry.
The introduction and selection of forage varieties with strong stress resistance, high quality and high yield is of great significance to effectively alleviate the contradiction between insufficient forage in winter and spring and disaster years in Xizang's pastoral areas. The introduction results of green forage maize show that its annual fresh grass yield can reach 466kg/hm ², which is the highest annual forage grass yield per unit area in Xizang Autonomous Region. However, due to the disadvantage of excessive labor input, more attention should be paid to the introduction and selection of perennial high-yield forage grass.
综合考虑产量、抗寒性能、育苗难易程度等方面因素，2021年在西藏林芝、拉萨等地引种巨菌草、绿洲一号、皇竹草、象草等多年生高产牧草从经济性状、饲草品质和栽培措施并进行流程性评价，以期遴选出具有替代潜力的优良饲草品种。
Taking into account the factors such as yield, cold resistance, difficulty in raising seedlings, etc., in 2021, introduce perennial high-yielding forage such as giant fungus, Juncao Arundo Donax L Oasis 1#, royal bamboo grass, elephant grass, etc. in Nyingchi, Lhasa, Xizang, and carry out process evaluation from economic properties, forage quality and cultivation measures, in order to select excellent forage varieties with alternative potential.
巨菌草“Giant Fungus”
绿洲一号 “Juncao Arundo Donax L Oasis 1#”
1,四种饲草的产量
1. Yield of four types of forage
种植区位于林芝市巴宜区地处西藏东南部；拉萨市达孜区地处拉萨市东北部；
在西藏林芝市巴宜区引种了绿洲一号、巨菌草、皇竹草和象草，鲜草产量分别是60.64t/hm²、94.14t/hm²、33.7t/hm²、18.7t/hm²，见表1。巨菌草产量优势明显，分别高出绿洲一号15%、皇竹草35%，是象草的5倍。
The planting area is located in Bayi District, Linzhi City, in the southeast of Xizang; Dazi District of Lhasa City is located in the northeast of Lhasa City;
Oasis No. 1, giant fungus, royal bamboo grass and elephant grass were introduced in Bayi District, Nyingchi City, Xizang, with fresh grass yields of 60.64t/hm ², 94.14t/hm ², 33.7t/hm ² and 18.7t/hm ² respectively, as shown in Table 1. The yield advantage of giant mushroom grass is obvious, which is 15% higher than Juncao Arundo Donax L Oasis 1# and 35% higher than Huangzhu grass, and 5 times higher than elephant grass.
2，四种饲草的抗寒性
2. Cold resistance of four types of forage
种植的四种饲草均是多年生牧草，在亚热带地区年均鲜草产量达120t/hm²以上，所以在西藏等高寒地区，能否成功越冬成为限制性因素。
绿洲一号越冬率最高为85%以上，第二年春季长势旺盛。巨菌草、皇竹草和象草分别为15.3%、10.7%和8.3%，无法越过第二个冬季，见表2。
The four forage grasses planted are perennial, and the annual average fresh grass output in the subtropical region is more than 120t/hm². Therefore, the success of overwintering in Xizang and other alpine regions is a limiting factor.
The overwintering rate of Juncao Arundo Donax L Oasis 1# is over 85%, and it grows vigorously in the spring of the second year. The rates of giant mushroom grass, imperial bamboo grass, and elephant grass are 15.3%, 10.7%, and 8.3%, respectively, which cannot pass the second winter, as shown in Table 2.
3，四种饲草的营养成分
3. Nutritional components of four types of forage
在四种饲草中，巨菌草含水量最高为74.53%，其次是皇竹草为65.00%，含水量最低的绿洲一号为32.37%。巨菌草粗蛋白含量最高为15.73%，其次是绿洲一号为14.56%。绿洲一号的灰分含量为5.99%，是四种饲草中灰分含量最低的，说明其碳水化合物含量高于其它三种饲草，粗脂肪含量也最高为2.09%。
巨菌草的氨基酸8.90%含量均高于其它三种牧草。粗纤维含量四种牧草相差不大，含量在 29%~35%之间，见表3。
Among the four types of forage, the water content of the giant mushroom grass is the highest at 74.53%, followed by the yellow bamboo grass at 65.00%, and the lowest water content of the Juncao Arundo Donax L Oasis 1# is 32.37%. The crude protein content of the giant mushroom grass is the highest at 15.73%, followed by Juncao Arundo Donax L Oasis 1# at 14.56%. The ash content of Juncao Arundo Donax L Oasis 1# is 5.99%, which is the lowest among the four forage grasses, indicating that its carbohydrate content is higher than the other three forage grasses, and its crude fat content is also the highest at 2.09%.
The amino acid content of the giant mushroom grass is 8.90% higher than the other three types of grass. The crude fiber content of the four types of forage is not significantly different, ranging from 29% to 35%, as shown in Table 3.
4，扦插和填埋对出苗率的影响
4. The impact of cuttings and landfilling on seedling emergence rate
巨菌草和绿洲一号都有无性繁殖能力，巨菌草是采用插条进行育苗，绿洲一号是组培苗，株高20公分高、带根直接下地进行种植。
针对巨菌草采用径级1.0~2.0cm种条填埋育苗和倾斜扦插育苗两种育苗方式间的出苗率无显著差异，平均出苗率为95%；绿洲一号出苗率也表现出与巨菌草相似的规律为95%以上，见表4。
Both Giant Mushroom Grass and Juncao Arundo Donax L Oasis 1# have the ability to reproduce asexually. Giant Mushroom Grass uses cuttings for seedling cultivation, while Juncao Arundo Donax L Oasis 1# is a tissue cultured seedling with a height of 20 cm and roots directly planted underground.
There was no significant difference in the emergence rate between the two seedling cultivation methods of using 1.0-2.0cm diameter seed strips for buried seedling cultivation and inclined cutting seedling cultivation for giant mushroom grass, with an average emergence rate of 95%; The emergence rate of Juncao Arundo Donax L Oasis 1# also showed a similar pattern to that of the giant mushroom grass, with a rate of over 95%, as shown in Table 4.
5，绿洲一号越冬率分析
5. Analysis of wintering rate of Juncao Arundo Donax L Oasis 1#
根据“良种壮苗”的原则，试验中设计了温室（阳光棚）、大田地膜和大田裸地三种试验大田，将同一时间段内同一批的绿洲一号二级苗（组培苗）移栽至试验大田，成活率和越冬率见表5。
温室（阳光棚）内当年种植后平均成活率达91%，大田地膜种植平均成活率达88%，大田裸地种植成活率平均为86%。种植当年越冬率达80%~86%，第二年春季萌芽率高达95%~99%，越冬率高达95%~98%。说明经过2年的生长发育，绿洲一号根系更加发达，抗寒能力明显增强，基本适应了西藏拉萨、山南等地的气候。
According to the principle of "good seeds and strong seedlings", three experimental fields were designed in the experiment: greenhouse (sunny shed), field film, and bare field. The same batch of Juncao Arundo Donax L Oasis 1# secondary seedlings (tissue cultured seedlings) from the same time period were transplanted to the experimental field. The survival rate and overwintering rate are shown in Table 5.
The average survival rate after planting in the greenhouse (sunny shed) is 91%, the average survival rate of plastic film planting in the field is 88%, and the average survival rate of bare land planting in the field is 86%. The overwintering rate in the first year of planting is 80%~86%, the germination rate in the spring of the second year is as high as 95%~99%, and the overwintering rate is as high as 95%~98%. It shows that after two years of growth and development, Juncao Arundo Donax L Oasis 1# has more developed roots and significantly enhanced cold resistance, which basically adapts to the climate of Lhasa, Shannan and other places in Xizang.
6，巨菌草种茎培育的条件
6. Conditions for cultivating stems of giant mushroom grass
巨菌草适宜在亚热带、热带地区生长发育，喜高温、高湿和大水大肥的田间环境。所以在西藏的种茎培育试验中设置了温室（阳光棚）、大田地膜和大田裸地三种环境条件，结果见表6。
Giant mushroom grass is suitable for growth and development in subtropical and tropical regions, and prefers field environments with high temperature, high humidity, and large water and fertilizer. Therefore, three environmental conditions, greenhouse (sunlight shed), field film mulching and field bare land, were set up in the seed stem cultivation experiment in Xizang, and the results are shown in Table 6.
温室（阳光棚）的气温、地温和空气湿度 、土壤湿度温室内分别为25℃~30℃、26℃~27℃、20%~32%、19%~24%，大田地膜分别为 19℃~25℃、20℃~25℃、16%~20%、26%~31%，大田裸地的各项指标分别为17℃~24℃、18℃~21℃、15%~20%和 24%~25%。
The temperature, ground temperature, air humidity, and soil moisture in the greenhouse (sunroof) are 25 ℃~30 ℃, 26 ℃~27 ℃, 20%~32%, and 19%~24%, respectively. The field plastic film is 19 ℃~25 ℃, 20 ℃~25 ℃, 16%~20%, and 26%~31%, respectively. The various indicators of bare field are 17 ℃~24 ℃, 18 ℃~21 ℃, 15%~20%, and 24%~25%, respectively.
从巨菌草生长指标来看，温室内的巨菌草平均高达 3.5 m，分蘖 26 棵，平均地径1.5cm；温室内巨菌草平均高超过大田地膜和大田裸地巨菌草平均高的17%、25%；平均地径是大田地膜和大田裸地巨菌草地径的1.5倍、2.14倍；分蘖数增加30%、37%。上述数据表明，优良的巨菌草和绿洲一号都适合在西藏拉萨地区进行种植。
从试验种植结果看具有良好适应性表现的有两种：多年生高产牧草为巨菌草，耐寒生态修复用饲草推荐为绿洲一号。
从四种牧草的产量、越冬率及营养成分数据分析，可判定绿洲一号适合在林芝、拉萨、山南等相似气候区田间及沙地栽培，其在林芝市引种栽培中，生产性能和营养品质均表现优异。
据巨菌草育苗及测产试验（表3）的产量和营养成分数据分析发现，巨菌草产量最高，营养成分相对较好，适宜在西藏林芝、拉萨、山南等地种植，在高密度种植条件下，如水肥供应充足可每年收割3次，最高产量94.14t/hm²。目前已在新疆昌吉地区取得了显著的成效。
绿洲一号越冬率高达85%，灰分和鲜草含水量均最低，粗脂肪含量最高（表3），适宜林芝、拉萨、山南等农区作为饲草在大田集约化种植。近年在我国福建、江苏、四川等30余个省份都有种植，在沙荒地栽培的防风固沙作用显著，饲草产量俱佳，可实现经济和生态效益双赢目标。
From the growth indicators of giant mushroom grass, the average height of giant mushroom grass in the greenhouse is 3.5 meters, with 26 tillers and an average ground diameter of 1.5 cm. The average height of giant mushroom grass in the greenhouse exceeds that of field plastic film and field bare land by 17% and 25%, respectively; The average ground diameter is 1.5 times and 2.14 times that of field plastic film and field bare land giant mushroom grassland; The number of tillers increased by 30% and 37%. The above data show that both excellent giant fungus and Juncao Arundo Donax L Oasis 1# are suitable for planting in Lhasa, Xizang.
According to the experimental planting results, there are two types of grass with good adaptability: the perennial high-yielding grass is the giant mushroom grass, and the recommended cold resistant ecological restoration grass is Juncao Arundo Donax L Oasis 1#.
Based on the analysis of the yield, overwintering rate, and nutritional composition data of four types of forage, it can be determined that Juncao Arundo Donax L Oasis 1# is suitable for field and sandy cultivation in similar climate zones such as Nyingchi, Lhasa, and Shannan. Its production performance and nutritional quality have shown excellent performance in the introduction and cultivation of Linzhi City.
According to the analysis of the yield and nutrient composition data from the giant fungus seedling raising and yield test (Table 3), the giant fungus has the highest yield and relatively good nutrient composition, which is suitable for planting in Nyingchi, Lhasa, Shannan and other places in Xizang. Under the condition of high-density planting, if the water and fertilizer supply is sufficient, it can be harvested three times a year, with the maximum yield of 94.14t/hm². Significant achievements have been made in the Changji region of Xinjiang.
The overwintering rate of Juncao Arundo Donax L Oasis 1# is as high as 85%, with the lowest ash content and fresh grass moisture content, and the highest crude fat content (Table 3). It is suitable for intensive field planting as forage in agricultural areas such as Nyingchi, Lhasa, and Shannan. In recent years, it has been planted in more than 30 provinces in China, including Fujian, Jiangsu, and Sichuan. The windbreak and sand fixation effects of cultivation in sandy wastelands are significant, and the forage yield is excellent, achieving a win-win goal of economic and ecological benefits.
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